Characterization of acetylcholinesterase and its molecular forms in organs of five freshwater teleosts

The activity and molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) were characterized in the brain, heart, white skeletal muscle and liver of the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri), European eel (Anguilla anguilla), wels (Silurus glanis), common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), belonging in four families. The brain had the highest (between 183.2±10.6 and 1361.2±189.7 mU mg^-1 protein and between 4.7±0.4 and 23.5±2.7 U g^-1 wet tissue) and the liver the lowest (between 25.3±1.9 and 126.5±22.7 mU mg^-1 protein and between 1.0±0.1 and 4.5±0.5 U g^-1 wet tissue) activity in all these fish, with the exception of the wels, where the heart contained the smallest amount of AChE (26.2±7.5 mU mg^-1 protein and 1.2±0.3 U g^-1 wet tissue). The highest tissue AChE activity was found in the carp and lowest in the sturgeon. The solubility properties and molecular forms of AChE in the four tissues were studied by extraction in high-salt medium (1.0 M NaCl) with and without the detergent Triton X-100 (0.5%, v/v). The proportions of detergent-soluble (DS) and salt-soluble (SS) forms of AChE varied considerably from one species to another, but a general tendency could be observed: the proportion of DS AChE was generally higher in the brain (between 70.4±4.1 and 82.5±1.2%) and lower in the heart (between 12.0±2.0 and 51.3±2.3%) and skeletal muscle (between 16.0±2.0 and 64.4±0.7%). Velocity sedimentation centrifugation revealed that most tissues contained the G₄ or A₄ form. Three tissues (brain, heart, and liver) of the Siberian sturgeon contained a relatively high proportion of the G1 form (between 24.3±2.4 and 28.6±4.9%), while the skeletal muscle of the wels contained only the most complex type of AChE, i.e., A₁₂. Amongst the tissues studied, the brain and liver mostly contained amphiphilic globular forms of the G₄ type, while the heart and skeletal muscle were rich in asymmetric forms (A₄ and A₁₂). It was concluded that the differences revealed in the activities of AChE and in the distribution of its molecular forms may be connected with the variation in behavioral habits (feeding and swimming patterns), and the developmental stage of the nervous system.     

The effect of water pH on swimming performance in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri,Richardson)

A Brett-type respirometer was used to measure the effect of water pH on swimming performance of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Variations in water pH between 6 and 9 had no measurable effect on maximum aerobic swimming speed. At water pH 4, 5, and 10, however, the critical velocity was only 55, 67, and 61% respectively of that recorded for fish in water of pH 7. Exposure to acid conditions increased coughing and breathing frequency. Acid exposure resulted in a decrease whereas alkaline exposure resulted in an increase in both whole blood and red blood cell pH. Blood gas and acid-base characteristics showed little change during swimming at 2.0 BL/second, but exhaustive swimming resulted in a marked and immediate drop in blood pH in fish in acid, alkaline and neutral water. The blood acid-base status was restored to resting levels after exercise in neutral and alkaline water, but the acidosis was maintained following exercise in acid water. Fatigue occurred earlier and blood lactate levels increased to a higher level in fish swum to exhaustion in acid or alkaline water, compared with fish in neutral water.     

Modeling the egg and larval transport pathways of the Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni) in the East Antarctic region: New insights into successful transport connections

The Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni) is an important fishery species widely distributed in the Southern Ocean, especially in areas covered by sea ice. Understanding fish distributions and life cycles, including the transport and survival of eggs and larvae, is essential for the assessment and sustainable management of the fishery. However, owing to difficulties with in situ winter observations, information on the early life stages of D. mawsoni is lacking. Here, we investigated the transport pathways of fish eggs and larvae through a particle tracking study, using satellite-derived ocean surface velocities in the East Antarctic region, which includes important D. mawsoni habitats and exploratory fisheries. Our results indicate that particles released from continental slopes are more likely to be successfully transported to suitable settlement grounds than those released from the BANZARE Bank (the southern region of the Kerguelen Plateau), which is situated further north and has been hypothesized to be a potential spawning ground for D. mawsoni. This study demonstrates successful source–settlement connections in relation to ocean recirculation and suggests important settlement regions for D. mawsoni larvae in the East Antarctic region.     

高致病性禽流感与天气条件分析

利用全国气象观测资料、NCEP／NCAR日平均再分析数据资料集和我国高致病性禽流感疫情资料,分析高致病性禽流感发生的时空特征以及与天气条件的关系。结果表明,我国高致病性禽流感全年可以发生,疫情的分布范围广,大部分地区都有出现。发生和传播与环境气象条件有关,季节性明显,冬季和秋季为主要发病季节。冬季禽流感发生前高空500hPa以槽为主,冷空气活动频繁。发生日基本在高压系统的控制之下,地面流场呈辐散状,风速稳定少变。     

基于2DVD的非旋转折射式喷头水滴直径分布规律

采用基于三维视频粒子测量原理的视频雨滴谱仪(Two-dimensional video disdrometer,2DVD)对喷灌机中常用的Nelson D3000型喷头在多个工作压力下水滴直径沿射程的分布进行了测量,分析了水滴直径沿射程的变化趋势及水滴速度、水滴角度与水滴直径之间的关系。结果表明:水滴直径与射程符合指数函数关系,在距离喷头相同测点处,水滴直径随工作压力的升高而减小,而射程末端的水滴直径随着压力的升高而增大;水滴速度随水滴直径增加而增大,两者呈对数关系;水滴落地时与地面夹角(简称水滴角度)随水滴直径增加呈减小趋势,水滴直径小于1.0 mm时,50、100、150和200 kPa工作压力下,与地面夹角为90°的水滴个数占总水滴数的比值分别为90.46%、84.46%、89.91%和89.15%,其余水滴与地面夹角在30°~89°之间,水滴直径在1.0~2.25 mm范围内,水滴角度随水滴直径的增加迅速减小,水滴直径大于2.25 mm时减小趋势变缓,4个工作压力下最大直径水滴落地时与地面夹角平均值为45°;工作压力对于水滴直径与速度、水滴直径与角度之间的关系影响较小。     

稳态工况下横摆角速度与侧倾角的关系分析

在分别建立转向、悬架和轮胎数学模型的基础上,理论推导出横摆角速度与侧倾角的相互关系,分析了角阶跃输入下路面附着系数和车速对转向的影响,刻画了不同车速和前轮转角下横摆角速度与侧倾角的变化过程,通过分析总结出两者之间的稳态值变化规律。仿真和试验结果表明,试验与仿真的结果相吻合,验证了仿真的正确性,为侧向和垂向动力学的集成控制研究提供了理论参考。     

风幕式喷杆喷雾雾滴粒径与速度分布试验

为了研究风幕出口风速和风幕出风口与喷口的水平距离对雾滴粒径和雾滴速度分布的影响,运用PDPA测试系统对不同条件下的风幕式喷杆喷雾气液两相流场进行了测试,对雾滴粒径、速度分布的测量结果进行了分析和讨论。结果表明:雾滴在气流场的作用下,随着风幕风速的逐步变大,雾滴的粒径变小且分布均匀,有效地增大了雾滴的沉积、减小了飘移。风幕出风口与喷口水平距离越近时,雾滴的穿透性能越好,向后飘移的趋势越弱。     

不同刈割期秧草收割物悬浮速度的测定与分析

为了获取秧草收割物的悬浮速度参数,采用DFPF-25型悬浮速度试验装置对结荚期、初花期和分枝期秧草收割物主要成分的悬浮速度进行测定,并采用对比试验分析了叶子和茎秆对悬浮速度的影响。结果表明,3个时期的收割物对应成分的悬浮速度中,结荚期最大,初花期次之,分枝期最小;3个时期的最大悬浮速度依次为4.238、3.736和2.653 m·s-1;同一时期的各成分间的悬浮速度有重叠,表明收割物的飞行系数相近,气流较难将其分离,说明气流分选不可行。对比试验表明,去叶前后秧草收割物的悬浮速度变化率与叶子质量占比的比值为1.225~3.745,说明叶子对收割物的悬浮速度的影响比茎秆对悬浮速度的影响大。该研究结果可为秧草收获机的收集装置和分选装置的设计提供参考和依据。     

典型因素对泥沙特性影响的试验研究

泥沙颗粒在不同的浓度、颗粒大小以及絮凝剂的影响下,其絮凝结构以及沉降速度存在一定的差异,这些差异性对于研究泥沙特性来说具有重要的意义.为了直观演示其差异性,自行设计了试验,采用控制变量的方法,分为5组对比试验.结果表明,上述3种因素对其絮凝结构以及沉降速度有显著影响.     

具有排气功能的毛管末端自动冲洗阀设计与结构优化

该研究创制一种具备自动排气功能（Auto-Exhaust function, AE）的毛管末端自动冲洗阀,以提高冲洗时长和冲洗水量。选取延时流道齿长和齿宽、上腔体容积和冲洗阀进口压力共4个因素,采用L18（37）正交试验设计18种规格的AE冲洗阀,并设置4种无排气装置（Non-Exhaust function, NE）的冲洗阀为对照,探究排气装置提升冲洗阀水力性能的作用机理和AE冲洗阀性能参数对试验因素的响应规律。结果表明,当进口压力为0.06～0.14 MPa时,AE冲洗阀的冲洗时长、冲洗水量和冲洗流速分别为18.2～67.7 s、3 904～12 367 mL和0.88～1.40 m/s。冲洗时长和水量与流道齿长、齿宽和上腔体容积均为正相关关系,与进口压力为负相关关系,冲洗流速只与进口压力有关,为正相关关系。流道齿长、齿宽和上腔体容积对冲洗时长和水量影响显著,进口压力对冲洗时长和流速影响显著（P<0.05）。AE冲洗阀能自动排出上腔体中的空气,增加蓄水容积,使其冲洗时长和水量分别比NE冲洗阀提高83.5%与75.4%以上。综合考虑延时流道抗堵塞性能、冲洗时长和水量等因素,推荐AE冲洗阀流道齿长、齿宽、上腔体容积和进口压力分别为1.2 mm、2.2 mm、19.1 mL和0.06 MPa,其冲洗时长和水量分别是NE冲洗阀的2.8和2.7倍,是进口冲洗阀的7.4和7.0倍,为67.7 s、12 194 mL。研究结果可为具有排气功能的毛管末端自动冲洗阀的研发提供依据。